Il nostro Stato è laico? Le tappe fondamentali dei rapporti tra Chiesa e Stato italiano

Salvator Dalì,
Cristo di San Giovanni della Croce Nello Statuto Albertino si optò per uno Stato confessionale al fine di salvaguardare i rapporti con la Santa Sede: "la religione cattolica apostolica romana è la sola religione dello Stato. Gli altri culti sono solo tollerati confermementi alle leggi (art.1)."


Nel regno Sabaudo si sentì, però, l'esigenza di libertà e uguaglianza delle religioni e così s'inserì la legge Sineo del 1848: "la differenza di culto non formava eccezione al godimento dei diritti politici e civili e all'ammisssibilità alle cariche civili e militari" -
I Patti Lateranensi (necessari per risolvere la Questione romana) riaffermarono il principio di preminenza della Chiesa ma di contro lo Stato, sempre nel 1929, per garantire la libertà di culto delle confessioni acattoliche, provvide a ribadire la validità del Sineo i cui principi sono difesi ancora oggi.

La nostra Carta Costituzionale negli artt. 19, 20, 8, 3 ribadisce e sottolinea la libertà di culto, la libertà di pensare, la libertà si essere ciò che desideriamo e pretendere l'eguaglianza di fronte alla Repubblica che oggi non è basata sulla religione ma sul lavoro. Purtroppo durante la stesura della Costituzione le commissioni si resero conto che tali principi erano vulnerati dal Concordato ma si rincuorarono pensando che tutto ha una scadenza e il concordato sarebbe arrivato solo agli anni '80.
Quella data arrivò e tutto fu nelle mani di Bettino Craxi, socialista, forse laico. Dopo 8 anni anni di lavoro si arrivò alla stipula con la Santa Sede, 18 feb. 1984. Il principio ispiratore? I patti del 1929 dovevano risolvere la questione romana, quelli del 1984 erano un passo ulteriore per migliorare il rapporto tra Stato e Chiesa senza esserne più succubi.

In questo nuovo patto venne sancita "la neutralità" dello Stato in materia religiosa. Un escamotage per salvare i rapporti con la S.S. tentando di far contenti i laici.

Questo patto sancisce, tra le altre cose, la libertà di rifiutare a scuola di un insegnamento cattolico (prima obbligatorio, salvo dispensa). Vennero a cadere i privilegi tributari della chiesa le cui opere pie per le leggi tributarie sono considerate come benficienza e istruzione, infatti ne viene riconosciuta la personalità giuridica.

Una curiosità: prima c'era una norma che prevedeva la nomina dei vescovi e parroci dopo un preventivo gradimento da parte dello Stato italiano, ora è sufficiente solo una denuncia preventiva.

Le nomine delle chiese palatine e del Pantheon tornarono alla chiesa. Quelle che furono a suo tempo, le uniche concessione che ebbe Mussolini nel 1929 per salvaguardare una lunga tradizione.

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